Celestial Equator: The Earth's equator projected onto the celestial sphere (used for sky coordinate system).
Ecliptic: Apparent path of the Sun during the year.
Greatest elongation: When a planet interior to Earth's orbit is at its greatest angular separation from the Sun. It's the most favorable time to observe an inferior planet.
Inferior conjunction: When a planet inferior to Earth's orbit is between the Earth and Sun.
Magnitude: Brightness scale used for objects in the sky. Smaller numbers are brighter. Magnitude 6 is considered the limit for most observers from a dark location.
Opposition: When a planet superior to Earth's orbit is on the same side of the Earth in their respective orbits around the Sun. This is the best time to observe a superior planet.
Superior conjunction: When a planet inferior to Earth's orbit is on the opposite side of the Sun as seen from Earth.